Riefenstahl essays

Riefenstahl articles Workmanship, in any shape or structure, enthralls our advantage and feelings. Despite the fact that Leni Riefenstahl and Ray Muller contrast in the way to deal with film creation, both had comparable film procedures. Their movies advances to the crowds feelings, while distinguishing the subject with the crowd. Both movie chiefs utilize the expository intrigue of tenderness to bring in their enraptured crowd. In Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will, she depicts a bound together and amazing Germany to help convince groups to join the Nazi system through the apparent force Germany evoked on the planet. Muller then again, enables the crowd to distinguish and feel for Riefenstahl in The Wonderful Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl. Riefenstahls life is appeared differently in relation to the legend that the world had made. In this narrative, Muller shows the crowd how Riefenstahl is human that her life is brimming with triumphs and disappointments simply like some other human. In spite of the fact that the two craftsmen advance to the crowd feelings, their delineation of their subjects extraordinarily varies. Riefenstahl shows Adolph Hitler in a positive light. Triumph of the Will spread purposeful publicity for Hitlers cause. Muller widened the extent of Riefenstahls life that the open saw. He needed crowds to see portions of Riefenstahls life other than those minutes connected to Hitler and her legend. Muller accomplished this objective by recording Riefenstahl in her normal and defenseless state. He prevailing by recording Riefenstahl with companions and demonstrating the crowd that she would not generally collaborate; pictures are connected to what being human is. Riefenstahl and Muller both recorded uncommon people. Riefenstahl recorded Hitler and Muller shot Riefenstahl. Despite the fact that their styles and strategies contrasted incredibly, we increase extraordinary knowledge and comprehension through these movies. ... <!

The Control on Nature Essays

The Control on Nature Essays The Control on Nature Essay The Control on Nature Essay Victoria Perez The Control of Nature Response Paper It is an incredibly troublesome errand for architects to plan a â€Å"dam† like the Old River Control Structure in southern Louisiana so they can be certain that it will forestall separation of the Mississippi into the Atchafalaya. The surge of 1973 that caused such a great amount of harm to the Old River Control Structure was the effect of numerous things. There were abnormally overwhelming snows in the upper valley. The South of the state got an uncommon measure of precipitation. In the long run, the overflows came down to the tributaries, developed, and eventually flagged PCs an admonition that the mainline levees were not sufficient to contain the measure of water gathered. In a condition of frenzy there were sandbags, potato edges and obstructions of uncompacted soil added to the levees to attempt to forestall a flood. During the kept spring high water the gathered waste all met up at Old River in units surpassing 2,000,000 cubic feet for each second. Twenty-five percent of that left the Mississippi channel and went to the Atchafalaya. Educator Racphael G. Kazmann recollects his experience strolling over the structure before the surge of 1973. Kazmann reviews, â€Å"That entire hopeless structure was vibrating This thing gauges 200,000 tons. At the point when 200,000 tons vibrates this way, this is a bad situation for R. G. Kazmann. I got in my consideration, pivoted, and hot the damnation out of there. † The structure and its stilling bowl had been worked to scatter vitality however not exactly that much vitality. The Mississippi delta is dying down and dissolving Deltas are regularly gradually expanding in size because of dregs saved by the waterway. The moderate increment is because of a slight unevenness between sedimentation by the stream, and sinking of the delta because of combination of more profound residue. The equalization has been angry with the development of levees and dams along the Mississippi River prompting fast disintegration of the Mississippi River delta in Louisiana. The development of levees along the lower waterway that channel water and residue past New Orleans and out into the Gulf. This has halted sedimentation all through the delta, and the delta is presently quickly sinking underneath ocean level. In the event that the levees didn't exist the waterway channel conveying a large portion of the stream water would change position, and store silt all through the delta. The digging of numerous channels to give access to oil and gas wells. The trenches assist salt with watering arrive at further inland, bringing about death of trees and vegetation that balances out wetlands. Wind blowing along the channels produces waves that dissolve the banks. What's more, storm floods created by storms travel along trenches causing disintegration further inland. All zones are not disintegrated at a similar rate during a tempest. A few zones have extreme disintegration during an occasion. Different zones have considerably less disintegration.

Colonial Canadian Shakespeare Essay examples -- William Shakespeare

1 Frontier Canadian Shakespeare: West Meets East at Stratford In his exposition â€Å"The Regional Theater System†, Czarnecki gets on the test of making a national auditorium in Canada, yet in addition verbalizes the focal and characterizing challenge in building up a bound together feeling of Canadian character; Canada, as a result of its gigantic range from sea to sea, is definitely isolated into locales unmistakable from their commonplace limits. The local limits which distinguish the Maritimes as unmistakable from French Canada and the Prairies as unmistakable from the West Coast, for instance, infer geographical, yet in addition social, social and political contrasts between these locales. Since Canada is a country conceived from British government, the provincial relationship that exists even today among Canada and Britain is obvious, however this pilgrim relationship is in no way, shape or form uniform across Canada. The distinctive territorial mentalities towards Britain and Canada’s provincial history got obvious to me when, as a Western Canadian, I saw a creation of Hamlet in Central Canada: at the Stratford Celebration in Stratford, Ontario. This creation served to show that Shakespeare fills in as a standard by which to quantify the pioneer connections between guaranteed Canadian area and the British Crown; in this way Shakespeare likewise assists with lighting up the disparities between these various locales corresponding to Canada’s pilgrim history. The Stratford Festival, whose order is to â€Å"produce, to the best expectations conceivable, the best works of theater in the old style and contemporary collection, with 2 uncommon accentuation on crafted by William Shakespeare†, has become the spot in Canada to see creations of Shakespeare. As Cza... ...particle to the creation of Hamlet was just additional evidence, notwithstanding, that Shakespeare’s notable situation in Canadian culture starts in our common provincial history. Adjustments of Shakespeare are recounting territorial contrasts, which is just the case since Canada also is established in Shakespeare’s home nation. 6 Works Cited: Czarnecki, Mark. â€Å"The Regional Theater System.† Contemporary Canadian Theater: New World Visions. Ed. Anton Wagner. Toronto: Simon and Pierre, 1985. 35- 48. Fischlin, Daniel and imprint Fortier. â€Å"General Introduction.† Adaptations of Shakespeare. Eds. Daniel Fischlin and Mark Fortier. London: Routledge, 2000. 1-22. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne Wofford. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. Full creation subtleties of the Stratford Festival’s 2000 creation of Hamlet accessible at http://www.paulgross.org/theatreindex.html#hamlet

Trial and Death of Socrates Essay Example

Preliminary and Death of Socrates Essay Benjamin Jowett. The Trial and Death of Socrates (Dover Edition). New York: Dover Publications, 1992 â€Å"What is the charge? All things considered, an intense charge, which shows a decent arrangement of character in the youngster, and for which he is absolutely not to be disdained. He says he knows how the adolescent are debased and who are their corruptors. Furthermore, I extravagant that he should be a savvy man, and seeing that I am definitely not an astute man, he has discovered me out, and will blame me for undermining his young companions. Also, of this our mom the state is to be the appointed authority. Of all our political men he is the one in particular who appears to me to start in the correct manner, with the development of prudence in youth; he is a decent cultivator, and deals with the shoots first and gathers up us who are the destroyers of them. That is the initial step; he will a short time later take care of the senior branches; and in the event that he goes on as he has started, he will be an extraordinary open benefactor† (p. 2). This statement from Socrates states, in a brief however exact way, what the whole book is about. Socrates steady quest for a response to the implications of devotion, scandalousness, excellence, what is simply or unfair, all while being put being investigated for an allegation of defiling the young people of Athens by instructing them to put stock in new divine beings and not to have faith in the divine beings set up in the state religion. Socrates isn't just on the journey for himself, yet in addition on a mission to make his kindred Athenians question their own assumptions of said implications. We will compose a custom paper test on Trial and Death of Socrates explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Trial and Death of Socrates explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Trial and Death of Socrates explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I will currently utilize the Euthyphro, the Apology, and the Crito exchanges as three instances of how Socratesâ€either talking with somebody legitimately or to a crowd of people of patronsâ€is in consistent inquiry to discover answers, for him as well as for other people. â€Å"By the forces, Euthyphro! how little does the normal group know about the idea of right and truth. A man must be an uncommon man and have made extraordinary walks in astuteness, before he could have seen his approach to this† (p. 3). This statement from Socrates comes after he asks Euthyphro what he is doing on the patio of King Archon. Euthyphro reacts by revealing to Socrates that he is there to raise a charge of homicide against his dad. At the point when Socrates calls attention to that, as per acknowledged convictions, it is insidious to hurt or welcome disfavor on one’s dad, Euthyphro counters that that has no effect. As indicated by acknowledged convictions, harboring a murderer isn't right and contaminates the individuals who partner with him. This reaction is the thing that leads into a conversation of the fundamental subject of the exchange: devotion. â€Å"And what is devotion, and what is irreverence? † (p. 4). Since Euthyphro is a specialist in religion and appears to be fit for finding the correct course to seek after in what seems to Socrates a problem (the indictment of Euthyphro’s father), and since Socrates is confronting a strict charge, he suggests that he become Euthyphro’s understudy in religion. This is the reason he asks Euthyphro to characterize devotion, with the goal that he himself will have a measure for choosing what is strict and what isn't, therefore have the option to shield himself in court. Euthyphro answers that what he is doing in indicting his dad is strict, and he refers to the point of reference of Zeus rebuffing his own dad (Cronos). Socrates at that point examines a significant number of the narratives concerning difficulty among the divine beings throughout the following hardly any sections as Euthyphro keeps on protecting the divine beings. This interrogating of the narratives regarding the divine beings is the thing that prompts his preliminary in any case, that he addressed them and that since he was an instructor it made the young inquiry the divine beings. In the event that you question the divine beings and the divine beings are devout, you are thusly acting with scandalousness. â€Å"Remember that I didn't request that you give me a few instances of devotion, yet to clarify the general thought which makes every devout thing to be devout. Do you not remember that there would one say one was thought which made the irreverent profane, and the devout? † (p. 6). After Euthyphro admits that he can't gain any ground with this questionâ€having had enoughâ€he pardons himself from further conversation in light of the fact that he should keep an arrangement. The Apology discourse starts with Socrates, at his preliminary, tending to the court after the arraignment has put forth their defense against him. Socrates starts his guard by commenting what powerful speakers his informers are as opposed to himself. He demonstrates that he doesn't hope to get a reasonable hearing in light of the wide-spread bits of gossip about him and that these gossipy tidbits partner him with the characteristic rationalists. The issue with that affiliation is that the regular scholars were generally associated with agnosticism since some of them straightforwardly upheld skepticism. â€Å"Well, at that point, I will make my protection, and I will try in the time which is permitted to get rid of this detestable assessment of me which you have held for so long; and I ope that I may succeed, if this be realize that to achieve this isn't easyâ€I very observe the idea of the undertaking. Leave the occasion alone as God wills: in dutifulness to the law I make my resistance. † (p. 20). This announcement is a hint regarding what Socrates individual convictions are on acting only and with devotion. With his words, he shows the court that in spite of the fact that he doesn't concur with the charges, he will go about as the law has been composed for the entirety of the residents of Athens. He doesn't expect extraordinary treatment and his acknowledgment of his destiny through â€Å"God wills† is that of a devout sort. The â€Å"God wills† line is kind of an affront to those denouncing him on the grounds that, for Socrates to place his destiny in Gods’ hands, it conflicts with the very idea of the allegations of his skeptic conduct. After Socrates gives the court some recorded foundation with respect to why these gossipy tidbits exist, he concentrates on Meletus and the primary charge. Socrates starts by expressing that, since Meletus cases to realize who is tainting the adolescent, he should realize who improves them. After some to and fro between the two men, Socrates gets Meletus to state that all Athenians improve the adolescent and that Socrates is the one in particular who ruins the young. Socrates keeps on utilizing Meletus own words against him all through and in this manner making him look very absurd before the court. â€Å" I have said enough in answer to the charge of Meletus: any intricate barrier is superfluous; however as I was stating previously, I unquestionably have numerous adversaries, and this is the thing that will be my pulverization in the event that I am wrecked; of that I am certain;not Meletus, nor yet Anytus, yet the jealousy and degradation of the world, which has been the passing of numerous great men, and will most likely be the demise of some more; there is no peril of mine being the remainder of them. † (p. 29). Here Socrates, as I would see it, shows the court again that he will accept punishment silently to his informers and not accuse them, yet rather decides to accuse what I might want to call the human condition. That is, putting your own personal matters before that of others to encourage your benefit. This is the reason Socrates battles with anybody giving him a meaning of devotion, since I imagine that to Socrates devotion implies acting philanthropic. Since the human condition is that of self serving your own advantages, he sees through people groups definitions since he realizes that they are going to give a definition that accommodates their thoughts. Somebody will say: Are you not embarrassed, Socrates, of a course of life which is probably going to carry you to a less than ideal end? To him I may reasonably reply: There you are mixed up: a man who is useful for anything should not compute the opportunity of living or kicking the bucket; he should just to consider whether in doin g anything he is doing well or wrongâ€acting the piece of a decent man or of a terrible. † (p. 29). He is stating that you ought not accomplish something great with the expectation of your benefit, yet do it since that is what is correct and that will be the prize. During his â€Å"closing† contention, Socrates expresses that he won't request that his three children come to court and approach them to appeal to the court for his absolution since he â€Å"feels such lead to be discreditable to myself, and you, and the entire state† (p. 35). Once more, Socrates utilizes his words to show the court that he won't permit himself to apologize for something that he believes he didn't foul up. He would lie himself in the event that he did that, and it additionally could be contended that this activity would be irreverent to oneself. Subsequent to being seen as liable, Socrates addresses the court about how he ought to be condemned. The informers have told the court that passing is only for his activities while Socrates helps the individuals to remember the jury that he â€Å"sought to convince each man among you, that he should investigate himself, and look for uprightness and insight before he looks to his private advantages, and look to the state before he looks to the premiums of the state; and this ought to be the request which he sees in the entirety of his actions,† while attempting to convince the jury that he should simply pay a fine (p. 36). After the jury returns with a sentence of death, Socrates is again permitted to address the court. While Socrates says that the preliminary was not a reasonable one, he calls the result â€Å"fair enough. † He says that the outcome is on the grounds that there is a simply extent saved in the ramifications for him and for his informers. He will be killed, however his rivals will live as lesser men on account of their deeds and that their destiny is more terrible. He says nobody realizes what lies after death, however he imagines tw

What I Wish I Knew About Taking a Language COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

What I Wish I Knew About Taking a Language COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thanks to Amanda Schmitt MIA ’19 for this guest blog post! Amanda’s concentration is Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy with a regional specialization in the Middle East. When I started at SIPA, I knew that my goal was to reach a proficient level of Modern Standard Arabic by the time I graduated so thereafter I could spend time working in the Middle East or in an intensive Arabic program to convert that knowledge into working level proficiency. But I also knew that taking four semesters of Arabic, at 5 units/class, with daily homework and four sessions each week, would mean giving up other SIPA opportunities. Besides the language courses that SIPA offers, most other language courses are offered through Columbia University with both undergraduates and graduate students from other Columbia programs. When deciding between the MIA or MPA degree and before deciding on your course schedule, I strongly suggest considering the tangible cost-benefit of taking language courses during SIPA for your career upon graduation.   Due to the format of MIA vs MPA and our very international program, most students come in already speaking multiple languages and can pass out of the MIA language requirement, or they choose an MPA (though a concentration in EPD still has a foreign language component). But for Seeples who feel they need the international emphasis of the MIA degree and have certain language requirements yet to fulfill, I have some advice. Questions to ask yourself about learning another language in graduate school: Is it necessary for your job aspirations and anticipated job applications to leave SIPA at the intermediate etc. level of language proficiency? I knew that my short-term career goals required these language skills, but for peers that anticipate language needs in the long-term, there may be more inexpensive ways to learn the language after SIPA. This consideration should also take into account the skills you perceive as most necessary for job applications after SIPA and which courses would most effectively fulfill those needs, language or otherwise.   If you are starting from Year I, Level I and plan to take 4 semesters of language courses, are you willing to give up 4-7 SIPA/policy courses for your language coursework? Language courses range from 3-5 units. Since Arabic is 5 units each semester, I put 20 units toward Arabic, giving up potentially 6+ SIPA courses.   Are you prepared to take on a heavy course load each semester to complete the language courses required and your SIPA requirements? For me, this meant taking about 18 units three of four semesters. (If you want to take over 18 units in a semester, the additional cost for me was $1100/credit.) What other priorities do you have for your time at SIPA? I did not get as involved in student organizations, campus jobs, or internships because I had 16-18 units most semesters with daily language homework. However, this varies by individual and what you feel comfortable taking on.   Is it necessary for you to take Columbia language courses? Or could there be another way you could study the language (external language courses, summer courses, Language Resource Center tutoring, group language practice sessions, etc.)? This consideration varies by language and individual learning style. Since Columbia emphasizes Modern Standard Arabic as a baseline for beginning to study Arabic, I will still need to learn colloquial Arabic afterward, which (inshallah) should be easier because of this background. For people learning a language that does not significantly distinguish in form between formal and colloquial, the courses may allow you to reach a working level proficiency if starting from scratch, or be unnecessarily formal if starting from some base of understanding. I highly recommend assessing which format of study would be your most efficient, cost-effective, and timely to your goals.   The main takeaway: before taking a language at graduate school, consider how critical it is to your short-term career goals and whether you are willing to take the tradeoff of the other potential policy coursework that it would necessarily replace. The Admissions Committee looks for clarity of vision among applicants, regardless of language determinations, so I recommend focusing on how to most effectively enjoy your learning opportunity while converting your time at SIPA into tangible growth for your career. I think language skills are extremely important, both for professional application and personal cross-cultural understanding and growth, so this piece is not at all intended to discourage Seeples from learning additional languages! I just hope to help incoming students more pragmatically assess the most effective use of your two years at SIPA. As you decide MPA vs MIA and whether to take language courses, please consider these components so you can maximize your time at SIPA.

Business Ethics In Aviation Research Assignment Paper - 2200 Words

Business Ethics In Aviation Research Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: AINSTITUTIONCOURSE UNITSTUDENTS NAMESTUDENTS ID NUMBERTASKBusiness ethics in AviationDATE11th August 2017AbstractThe purpose of this report is to critically examine various aspects related to aviation ethics and how they positively or negatively affect the aviation sector. To be specific, this report aims at identifying the ethical issues in the aviation sector, how such ethics can be managed and the importance of managing such ethics. The report generally focuses on the aviation sector without being specific on any major airline company. However, it also explains areas where sustainability has been portrayed despite the ethical issues involved. A detailed explanation of the above-mentioned aspects is as discussed below.IntroductionBusiness ethics refers to the professional rules that any business organization is required to follow for its smooth running. Ethical issues, on the other hand, refer to the problems or controversies, which arise when businesses do not prof essionally adhere to the set international ethics. The chosen sector for this report is the airline (aviation) sector. The aviation sector is one of the sectors of any global economy, which contribute to the fast growth and development of that particular economy. According to CITATION Sha15 \p 67 \l 1033 (Shaw Barry, 2015, p.67), the aviation sector has provided jobs to over 58 million people while accruing an annual profit margin of $2.4 trillion. Good business relations among nations emerge when transport to and fro those nations is easy. This is majorly made possible by the aviation sector. This sector, therefore, proves to be a very important area of study for this report. There has been a prolonged argument on the ethics that should be applied to the aviation sector. Some professionals argue that some of the activities undertaken by airline companies are ethical while others oppose such claims. On the basis of the above aspects, the following are the objectives of this repor t. * To identify the ethical issues in the aviation sector. * To discuss the major stakeholders in the aviation sector. * To review the importance of managing business ethics to the aviation sector.The following is the detailed analysis of the aviation sector in relation to some major chosen concepts discussed below.Analysis of the aviation sectorEthical issues facing the aviation sectorSafety is a major ethical issue in the aviation sector. There are two major ethical issues regarding safety, which are really facing the aviation sector. One of these is the overbooking of flights. One might wonder how this is possible. According to CITATION Hop16 \p 110 \l 1033 (Hoppe, 2016, p.110),a website of Southwest Airlines indicated that the company would open a chance for passengers to book and get their air tickets when some passengers did not respond towards their travel, or when those who had earlier booked the flight did not arrive early enough at the respective airports. The problem n ow came in when all the passengers who had earlier and later booked the flight will all be available for the flight a few minutes before the plane took off. With no otherwise, the company would now decide to bump all the passengers in one plane. This is still practiced in many nations till today. However, this is very risky since the plane is designed to carry a specific measured weight which when exceeded; chances of the occurrence of an accident are very high. Relevant and quick action should, therefore, be taken on this ethical issue to ensure that safety is maintained.Secondly, there is also an ethical issue on cramped seats. Several airline companies insert and fix unlawfully designed seats on their planes so as to accommodate more passengers and hence make more profits. According to CITATION Fer15 \p 33 \l 1033 (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015, p.33), these seats are uncomfortable and may lead to severe medical problems to those passengers who sit on them. Several passengers have r eported cases of back pains and blood clots, which started after traveling on planes. Investigations on the illegally fixed seats showed that these seats are really uncomfortable and back pains arise on passengers seated on them, due to up and down movements of the plane in the course of the flight CITATION Tho15 \p 56 \l 1033 (Thomas Burgess, 2015, p.56). This has been a major ethical issue, and the right action to redesign the plane seats according to the expected requirements should be taken.Another major ethical issue in this sector airline sector is the use of false advertising. According to a research carried out by CITATION Int14 \p 44 \l 1033 (IATA, 2014, p.44)which is famously known as the International Air Transport Association, some airline companies advertise falsely, especially in the flight charges. According to this research, passengers in the consumer travelers website gave their grievances about this false advertising. One case is pointed out where one famous a irline company advertised that it was offering a trip from Newark to London for $236. However, after other charges were added, the price rose to $803. Those who had booked had no otherwise other than paying an extra amount which they had not planned for. Prompt action should be taken by such airline companies, and the relevant organization, to stop the use of such false adverts.Ethical issues of discrimination have also been evidenced on different occasions. Cases of some passengers being discriminated on air travel flights have been reported by scholars in various articles. One of these articles, which were posted in the famous New York Post in November 2012, indicated that one woman (passenger), who was a New York resident, was denied the right to travel from Hungary to her hometown CITATION Tan17 \p 112 \l 1033 (Tani, 2017, p.112). According to the report from this article, the woman was denied an air ticket since she was obese. On seven different occasions, this passenger was denied the opportunity to travel by air. Involved airline companies argued that they had no insurance policy which would cover her in the case of death. Later, the woman died. Interrogations with her husband revealed that the husband claimed that the death happened because she was denied the opportunity to travel to get further treatment.However, despite all these ethical issues, aviation sector still holds a strong sustainability focus. The sector has committees boards which are put in place to ensure that all activities run well. For example, a licensing program is developed to ensure that all planes are in accordance to the required standards before they fly.Additionally, measures have been taken by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), to reduce noise emissions. This body intervenes in airline companies to check the performance of engines, which are major emitters of such noise. In the recent years, the noise emissions have been reduced by 8% CITATION Des14 \p 100 \l 1033 (DesJardins McCall, 2014, p.100).Sustainability measures have also been taken to increase fuel efficiency. IATA proposes that planes should use an average of 5.4 liters of fuel for 100km. However, most planes recently use an average of 4 liters of fuel for 100km.The major stakeholders in the aviation sector include; the manufacturers of the planes, airport organizations, aviation sales departments, the tourism department, trade unions among many others.Factors that enable aviation to manage business ethicsTo effectively manage business ethics, the aviation secure utilizes some factors. To start with, the sector defines clearly the roles and rules governing each aviation department. By so doing, each department is given the opportunity to operate, but within its set limits. When organizations operate according to the set standards, business ethics are therefore likely to be followed correctly.Secondly, the aviation sector conducts seminars, shows, and exhibitions, to educate its employees in the international business ethics set for aviation sector CITATION Car14 \p 220 \l 1033 (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014, p.220). This helps to equip them with knowledge on what is ethically right or wrong. Rampant ethical issues can, therefore, be reduced when all the relevant individuals and organization have knowledge on aviation business ethics.Thirdly, the aviation sector makes use of ethics related theories and philosophies, to govern their decision-making process CITATION Har14 \p 89 \l 1033 (Hartman et al., 2014, p.89). Idealism is majorly encouraged in aviation sector on setting business ethics. Idealism deals with representing the ideas, opinions, suggestions, and views of others rather than an individualized decision making. Such philosophies equip the workers, managers and other authorities with the ethical knowledge that is useful in evading ethical issues.Finally, addressing the ethical problems if groups and individuals, help to maintain business ethics . When peoples' needs are fully handled, the chances of such people, breaking the business ethics become low. The aviation sector, therefore, seeks to handle such problems and needs an involving manner, with an aim of managing business ethics.Importance of managing business ethicsThe management of business ethics has really helped the aviation sector. First of all, this has helped to improve the working conditions and has brought more positive changes in th...

United States v. Lopez The Case and Its Impact

In United States v. Lopez (1995), the United States Supreme Court declared the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 an unconstitutional overreach of the implied powers of Congress under the Commerce Clause. The 5-4 divided decision preserved the system of federalism and reversed the Supreme Court’s 50-year trend of rulings that expanded the powers of Congress. Fast Facts: United States v. Lopez Case Argued:  November 4, 1994Decision Issued:  April 26, 1995Petitioner:  United StatesRespondent:  Alfonso Lopez, Jr.Key Questions:  Is the 1990 Gun-Free School Zones Act’s prohibition of possessing a gun in a school zone an unconstitutional overreach of the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause?Majority Decision:  Justices Rehnquist, O’Connor, Scalia, Thomas, and KennedyDissenting:  Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Stevens, and SouterRuling:  The legislative history of the Gun-Free School Zones Act failed to justify it as a constitutional exercise of the Commerce Clause. Facts of the Case On March 10, 1992, 12th-grader Alfonso Lopez, Jr. carried an unloaded handgun into his high school in San Antonio, Texas. After admitting to having the gun, Lopez was arrested and charged with violating the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act, which makes it a crime â€Å"for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm [in] a school zone.† After being indicted by a grand jury, Lopez was found guilty by a trial court and sentenced to six months in prison and two years on probation. Lopez appealed to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, claiming that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded the power granted to the Congress by the Commerce Clause. (The Commerce Clause gives Congress the power to â€Å"regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes). Congress had long cited the Commerce Clause as justification for passing gun control laws.   Finding that possession of a firearm had only a â€Å"trivial impact† on commerce, the Fifth Circuit overturned Lopez’s conviction, further noting that the legislative history of the Gun-Free School Zones Act failed to justify it as a constitutional exercise of the Commerce Clause. In approving the United States government’s petition for certiorari, the Supreme Court agreed to review the Circuit Court’s ruling. Constitutional Issues In its deliberations, the Supreme Court faced the question of whether the Gun-Free School Zones Act was a constitutional exercise of the Commerce Clause, which gives Congress power over interstate commerce. The Court was asked to consider whether the possession of a firearm in some way â€Å"affected† or â€Å"substantially affected† interstate commerce. The Arguments In its effort to demonstrate that possession of a firearm in a school zone was a matter that affects interstate commerce, the U.S. government offered the following two arguments: Possession of a firearm in an educational environment heightens the likelihood of violent crimes, which in turn, will increase insurance costs and create expenses harmful to the economy. In addition, the perception of the danger of violence will limit the public’s willingness to travel to the area, thus harming the local economy.With a well-educated populace being critical to the nation’s financial health, the presence of firearms in a school may frighten and distract students and teachers, inhibiting the learning process and thus leading to a weaker national economy. Majority Opinion In its 5-4 majority opinion, written by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, the Supreme Court rejected both of the government’s arguments, finding that the Gun-Free School Zones Act was not substantially related to interstate commerce. First, the Court held that the governments argument would give the federal government virtually unlimited power to prohibit any activity (such as public assembly) that might lead to violent crime, regardless of that activity’s connection to interstate commerce. Secondly, the Court held that the governments argument provided no safeguards to prevent Congress from applying the Commerce Clause as justification for legislation prohibiting any activity (such as careless spending) that might limit an individual’s economic productivity. The opinion also rejected the government’s argument that by harming education, crime in schools substantially affects commerce. Justice Rehnquist concluded: â€Å"To uphold the Governments contentions here, we have to pile inference upon inference in a manner that would bid fair to convert congressional authority under the Commerce Clause to a general police power of the sort retained by the States. This we are unwilling to do. Dissenting Opinion In the Court’s dissenting opinion, Justice Stephen Breyer cited three principles that he considered basic to the case: The Commerce Clause implies the power to regulate activities that â€Å"significantly affect† interstate commerce.Rather than considering a single act, the courts must consider the cumulative effect of all similar acts—such as the effect of all incidents of gun possession in or near schools—on interstate commerce.Rather than determining whether the regulated activity significantly affected interstate commerce, the courts must determine whether Congress could have had a â€Å"rational basis for concluding that the activity affected interstate commerce. Justice Breyer cited empirical studies he said tied violent crimes in schools to the degradation of the quality of education. He then referred to studies showing the growing importance of primary and secondary of education in the job market, and the tendency of U.S. businesses to base location decisions on the presence or absence of a well-educated workforce. Using this rationale, Justice Breyer concluded that school gun violence clearly could have an effect on interstate commerce and that Congress could have rationally concluded that its effect could be â€Å"substantial.† The Impact Because of the United States v. Lopez decision, Congress rewrote the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 to include the required substantial effect connection to interstate commerce used as justification for other federal gun control laws. Specifically, the connection requires that at least one of the firearms used in the crime â€Å"has moved in †¦ interstate commerce.† Because almost all firearms have at some point moved in interstate commerce, gun rights advocates argue that the change was merely a legislative tactic to bypass the Supreme Court’s ruling. However, the revised Federal Gun Free School Zones Act remains in effect today and has been upheld by several United States Circuit Courts of Appeals. Sources .†US Reports: United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995)â€Å" U.S. Library of Congress..†United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr., 2 F.3d 1342 (5th Cir. 1993)â€Å" US Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.